Evaluating Assessment Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Evaluating Assessment - Research Proposal Example The person being assessed also needs to know how the scoring is done, with respect to the criteria chosen and the important of each criterion for the overall score. This is because "learning increaseswhen learners have a sense of what they are setting out to learn, a statement of explicit standards they must meet and a way of seeing what they have learned" (Loacker, Cromwell & O'Brien, 1986) The assessment will be done as part of the ongoing daily work of the person concerned. We will select a meeting that the person is to lead, for a nominal period of 45 - 60 minutes. We will evaluate the person's performance in speaking confidently to others on the following basis: What external signs of confidence does the person show (rated on a level from one to five, where one is none and five is excellent - if however the person overdoes it, then assessors should subtract points accordingly) These points carry equal weight as each one is important to convey confidence while talking to other people. The assessment will be shared with the person concerned afterwards. Knowledge of the assessors' view point will help the person understand the relationship between the way he/she thinks that he/she replies to these criteria and the way that his/her performance is assessed by others. Assessing effective working in a team requires a longer term approach for the assessment. An attempt to measure this by an assessment of very short duration would run the risk of being unrepresentative of the person's performance. For these reasons we chose the portfolio assessment which has the characteristic of being an ongoing, rather than an episodic assessment (AAHE, 1996). In addition to this, completing the portfolio assessment becomes part of the learning process for the person concerned where the goal is as much to affect the learner's growth, instead of just passively measuring it (Courts & McInerney, 1993). The portfolio assessment will be done over a period of time (2 months) and will correspond to stated criteria against which the person being assessed and the assessors have agreed. The person puts together the portfolio with information that demonstrates how he or she works effectively within a team. The portfolio is shown regularly to the assessors as well. At the end of the 2 months, the assessors will review the portfolio with the person to assess the performance of the person concerned on the following basis: evidence of a particular role or function taken on by the person within the context

Information communication Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Information communication Technology - Essay Example Precisely, flying to Barcelona is the cheapest of the four destinations. The costs of airport transfers also vary from destination to destination and are cheaper in Europe than in the US. For this case, it requires  £ 34.17 in Miami, Florida,  £ 40.30 in New York,  £ 25.13 in Barcelona and  £ 33.67 in Rome. Considering that the elder members of the family can both drive, there is a need that they hire a car upon their arrival in their destinations. For this case, it will cost the family  £ 250.17 to hire a car for the entire period of stay in Miami, about 250.24 in New York, 339.62 and 268.94. The most expensive element of the trip will be the expenditure on the hotel because of the ten-day stay will cost about  £ 2612.85 in Miami, Florida. The same services cost 2224.97 in New York City,  £ 1885.15 in Barcelona and  £ 10 193 in Rome, Italy. The cheapest rates of travel insurance for British Airline are an assumed flat rate of  £ 28.24 for a period of 31 days. The presented values represent the cheapest rates of travel for the first-class coaches and five-star hotels. However, the prices do not include entry charges for venues that the family may wish to tour. It is therefore comparatively cheaper to tour Barcelona from London the remaining places. For this case, the total for all the expenses up to the return journey are  £3786.99 for Barcelona against higher charges for the rest of the preferred destinations. The most expensive place to visit is Rome, for which case the family will pay  £11176.90. The quoted figures are all combined for the entire family based on the age category. The figures also represent the lowest in the market, for which the family has the choice of choosing otherwise. If they chose otherwise, the costs would rise depending on the airline that they will use. In the spreadsheet, the entered figures and their summation occur for each column enabling a comparative analysis of the costs of the travel. As it emerges from the

Theme Of Sterility In Poem The Wasteland English Literature Essay

Theme Of Sterility In Poem The Wasteland English Literature Essay The Waste Land was first published in October 1922 in a magazine called The Criterion. The magazine was edited by Elliot himself in England till he closed it in 1939 on the eve of Second World War (Bloom p.19). A few weeks later the poem was published in America in a magazine called The Dial. Eliot began work on the waste land un early 1919 but much of the work was done in late 1921 as he was staying on the coast of Margate in England and later on at a sanitarium in Luassanne, Switzerland where he was taking a rest after suffering a nervous breakdown as a result of his fathers death in 1919. On two occasions Eliot passed through Paris, on the way to Luasanne and on the way back to London. On the two occasions Elliot and his wife stayed with his friend Ezra Pound and his wife. Ezra Pound looked at Elliots work on both occasions and edited it, cutting away half of it. The Waste Land combines overwhelming erudition of debased speech (Bloom p.20). Quotations from other languages from great literatures of the world and from pop songs and music hall are woven into one fabric making it possibly the greatest work of literature of the twentieth century. This poem can be said to be Elliots greatest work of literature. All through the five cryptic segmented sections of The Waste Land, confront the problem sterility and at the end tries to offer a solution, though of little help. In the poem Eliot asks a question what branches grow out of this stony rubbish. Through this imagery, branches and stony rubbish Eliot suggests that the poem examines the lives of people (branches) and the culture (stony rubbish) in which people live. The lives of people are interconnected to their culture. Like the ground where trees draw their life, the culture is a life stream of people. Branches can never grow if the roots cannot clutch if the soil is stony rubbish. The same way people cannot live well if their culture is broken, rough and can longer support them. It is also impossible to bring about a civilization worthy of mankind or better make mankind wholesome and create a worthy culture, if the environment in which the mankind grows undermines life instead of nurturing life (Blossom p.26). The Fire Sermon The tittle of this passage is taken from a Buddha sermon given to Buddha followers. It urges them to give up earthly rages symbolized by fire and instead look for freedom from earthly things. A turn away from the earthly actually occurs in this passage. Series of debased sexual encounters are depicted and finally closes with a river-song and religious conjuration. The passage opens with a desolate riverside scene. The speaker is surrounded by rats and garbage as he fishes and muses on the king my brothers wreck. Through this description the poet is able to develop the theme of sterility. Unlike the desert that is characterized by bareness, the riverbank that should be full of rejuvenation of life just but a dull canal that only rats a seen moving around. This shows the pessimism because what is hoped to bring about regeneration of the people only rats are found there. As the speaker muses in the king my brothers wreck, with the king my fathers grave before him, he thinks about the death of kings that leads to loss of significance of life. The sound of rats rattle personifies the lethal plaque ruining the human spirit. London according to Elliot had become so unreal in the sense that the dwellers of the city have lost touch with basic reality of olden pulse of germ and birth. Eliot shows sterility in a heterosexual encounter in London. The speaker is invited by a one-eyed merchant of Madame Sosostrilss tarot pack, Mr. Eugenides, to a meeting place for homosexual assignations. In this situation the speaker proclaims himself as Tiresias. Tiresias is an ancient mythology who possesses both male and female reproductive organs, old man with wrinkled female breasts. He is also able to see into the future. The speaker in this encounter as used by Eliot is only an observer of the events of this encounter as they unfold. The speaker witnesses an encounter between a typist and a small house agents clerk. After a long day of work, the typist returns to her house and prepares dinner. Her underwear is seen drying on the windowsill, and the divan on which she sleeps is strewn with other lingerie such as a stocki ngs. A young man, a small house agents clerks, who is described as having a bold stare, arrives in the typists house. On eating dinner, the young man starts making advances towards the typist which she does not resist. She readily gives in and they are involved in a sexual intercourse which the speaker sees as an alienated sexual exchange. After they are done the young man walks out of the house finding his way through the dark. This signifies the state of moral and vital darkness that he lives in. The typist on the other hand, adjusts her hair and says to herself glad its over. This sexual encounter symbolizes the degradation of the central model of love and fertility. It was neither an act of procreation, nor a rite performed ceremonially for a fertile earth. There was not even an expression of love. The sexual encounter is a conceited assertion of destitute self on the part of the clerk and an example of accustomed submission on the part of the typist. Sexual intercourse has been turned mechanical just like how machines work. The poem therefore represents the narrators consciousness of his anguish in relation to history, culture and even time. Throughout the poem infertility is felt with little hopes of the future. What the speaker sees in this encounter is one of the highest examples of barrenness, egotism and disaffection. A Game of Chess The title of this section is derived from two plays by an early 17th century dramatist Thomas Middleton the one in which the moves in a game of chess denotes stages in seduction. Two opposing scenes are depicted. One of the beau monde and the other of lower social class. The first part of the section exposes a wealthy, well groomed woman surrounded by recherchà © furnishings. The woman waits for a lover and in the process her neurotic ideas become frenzied with no meaningful cries. Her day then climaxes with plans for an outing and a game of chess. In the second part of this episode depicts a scene in a London barroom. Here two women discuss a third woman who is not in the barroom. As the bar is about to be closed, one of the women recounts a discourse with their friend Lil. Lils husband had been dismissed from the army. Lil has refused to get herself false teeth and she is told that her husband will seek the company of another woman as a result. Lils husband does not seem to appreciate her even on bearing five children for him which has led to current appearance. The narrator says that her husband wont leave [her] alone. The two women, Lil wealthy woman, represent the two sides of modern sexuality. One side of the sexuality is dry, barren interchange inseparable from neuroticism and self-destruction. Eliot likens this woman to Cleopatra in the manner of her luxuriance of language and surrounding. She is defeated, excessively emotional but lacks intellects. Eliots association of this woman with Cleopatra, who committed suicide due to frustration stemmed from love, shows her irrationality. However, unlike Cleopatra, this woman is not and will never be a cultural standard. Lil on the other hand represents sexuality as fertility associated with a deficiency of culture and speedy aging. Despite doing everything right; married right, supported her husband, bore him children, yet her body lets her down. She no longer looks appealing to her husband. Age had already set in and there was no way to reverse it, not even false teeth. This shows how possibility of regenerating sex both at the cultural and personal contexts diminishes further. The Burial of the Dead This is the first passage of the waste land. Eliot derived the title of this passage from a line in the Anglican burial service. It is constituted of four sketches, apparently from different speakers. The first is an autobiographical snipping from a childhood of an aristocratical woman called Marie. She tells the poet as they take coffee of her past in Austria and of her cousin, who was the Archduke Rudolph and the heir to be of the Austro-Hungarian throne. She also narrates to the poet in fondness how she used to go sledging in the mountains and sometimes Archduke would take her sledging. Marie mingles a meditation on the seasons with comments on the desolate state of her current being. She says I read, much of the night, and go south in the winter. Marie claims to be a German and not a Russian. She is a member of the lately defeated Austrian royal family. The poem being written after the First World War it shows how peoples lives were disrupted and left desolate as a result of war. People, like Marie could no longer feel part or even enjoy being part of the social fabric as they did before the war. As the speaker walks through London which is populated by ghosts he faces a figure that he once fought with in a battle and this seems to mix the clashes of the First World War with the Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage. Both wars were futile and led to massive destruction. The speaker goes ahead to ask the ghostly figure, Stetson, on the fate of a corpse established in his garden. At the time Eliot was writing the poem, he had started gaining interest in Christianity. It was difficult for him to believe the Christian belief of resurrection. This shows the pessimism with which Eliot looks at degraded human culture of post-world war I. This hopelessness is depicted in the character Sibyl, a woman possessing prophetic powers who ages but never dies. This woman looks into the future and finds no hope in it and therefore prefers to die. Eliot sees himself in the same predicament as Sibyl. The culture in which he lives in has decayed and dried-up. The worst part of this culture is that it will not expire, and hence he is compelled to live with memories of its former glory. Through memory of the dead, a confrontation of the past and the present is created. Through memory, the past and the present are juxtaposed showing how things have worsened and decayed. Maries memories of her childhood are painful. The worlds of her cousin, and coffee in the park, and sledging on the mountains have since been replaced by complex political and emotional consequences of the war. She now prefers to read late into the night because there is not much she can do. In summing up, the poem The Waste Land is Eliots best work of literature. Written after the First World War which he describes as futile and cause of massive destruction, Eliot explores changes that occurred after the war. One of these changes involves the culture becoming sterile. Through different passages he has been able to develop this theme of sterility. Sterility is both in the culture and individual people. The culture has become so decayed that it can no longer support existence of a wholesome mankind. As a result people have lost touch with their culture and turned to doing evil things. Despite the sterility of the culture, human beings are forced to live in this condition. Just like Sibyl who despite seeing no hope in the future only ages and never dies thus forced to continue living in an already hopeless condition. Like Sibyl, Eliot sees little hope if any for the culture and the people to be regenerated.

Growth in William Faulkner’s Barn Burning and James Baldwin’s Sonny’s B

Growth in William Faulkner’s â€Å"Barn Burning† and James Baldwin’s â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† The word family evokes an image of trust and a bond of loyalty. In William Faulkner’s â€Å"Barn Burning† and James Baldwin’s â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†, the main characters in both these stories demonstrate the idea of family loyalty in several ways. While they continue to express the values of family loyalty, the main characters have to overcome several obstacles. Searching for ways to communicate effectively with their families and maintaining their changing identities trap the characters. In â€Å"Barn Burning†, Sarty is conflicted with being loyal to his family and being loyal to himself and in â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†, the brother has to deal with being loyal to Sonny’s values. During this process, it changes their character and forces them to change and learn about themselves. In â€Å"Barn Burning†, Sarty is emotionally torn by two personalities, one being loyal to his Father, and the other is being loyal to society because in his mind, he knows he’s doing the right thing. But in the beginning of the story, Sarty’s personality starts to pull when the Justice of the Peace is questioning him. Sarty has the need to tell the truth yet with his Father’s dominating presence there, he cannot do it. â€Å"He aims for me to lie, he thought again with that frantic grief and despair,† (p.398). In one sentence, there is an instant clear meaning that Sarty is distraught in making decisions having to involve his Father. In this moment though, he also feels his Father’s emotions penetrating right into his body through his Father, â€Å"did not even look at him† (p.398). Sarty’s sense of loyalty sides strongly with family due to the fact of how he was raised. The time period in which the stor... ...nally figured out what Sonny’s dream was when he saw him play his music and the joy that Sonny felt, he felt it too and understood music is Sonny’s way of living, his life unleashed through music. Even though both stories tell a different tale, this quote applies to the brother and Sarty because they both had to rely on their self-intuition to help them understand the ordeals they went through to reach a final decision. â€Å"Freedom lurked around us and I understood, at last, that he could help us to be free if we would listen†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (P.216) Works Cited Baldwin, James. "Sonny's Blues." Literature: An Introduction to Fiction Poetry, and Drama. 7th edition. Ed. X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. New York: Longman, 1999. 272-295. Faulkner, William. "Barn Burning." The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter. 3th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998. 1554-66.

About Some Of Materials And Others Architecture Essay

It is photo flawlessness for life already available in the market. In fact, the university where I graduated had this in there office. It is attractively functional which gives more value and exceeding printouts. You will want more to this because it has arresting 4800 dpi exposures with 2-pl ink droplets. It has crisp black text with superior pigment ink. Elegant arc-line design tantrums in anyplace and all right print caput engineering for high printing velocity is merely things you could detect. It has long permanent exposures with Chroma Life 100. They have redefined the rudimentss like ne'er earlier. More choice print, more value, plus more manner with the iP1880 inkjet pressman. Form its well-defined arc-line design to its mirror-finish surface ; every item of the PIXMA iP1880 exudes beauty. Which makes looking at it every bit enjoyable as publishing the most superb paperss and images from it. With the most desirable facet about it is its practical cost- of ownership and with the new more low-cost PG-830 & A ; CL-831 bundled inks, publishing more is now pure pleasance with the PIXMA iP1880.Sony DSC-G1: the WIFI CamThis is a reappraisal of digital camera, which was brought by my friend. He proudly told us that the unit is alone because it could be connected to any Wi-Fi zone. I said great, it is rather cool. I thought every camera characteristic has already been thought of, but I was incorrectly. This being the radio connectivity epoch, digital cameras should besides be wireless. Enter the Sony 6.0 megapixel Cybershop DSC-G1, which fits 600 exposure in its high-end capacity. It besides has 2 GB internal memory – so no demand for MCs. The company created it with a ace steady shooting and ISO 1000 high sensitiveness to avoid fuzzs on your smilings. The high spot, of class, is its capableness to direct exposures wirelessly to other Digital Living Network Alliance-enabled devices. It is already available in the market since 2008.IPhone: my personal reappraisalThere are grounds I want to portion why I am non purchasing the iPhone merchandises. Yes, I drooled over Apple ‘s entry into the nomadic market, thanks to Steve Jobs ‘ usual selling thaumaturgy. After some consideration and reviews I browsed in the cyberspace, I decided the quad-band smartphone is non for me. There is nil new in iPhone. The vaunted multi-touch interface is something I do non necessitate. Even apple ‘s industrial design squad does non acquire everything right the first attempt. Just ask Mr. MacBook. Real keys are better than practical 1s. If you need to come in text rapidly, touch-sensitive buttons are non recommended. Large screen means large exposure. I like maintaining my appliance in my pockets, along with keys, coins and my bravo ‘s knife. The iPhone ‘s large show means there is a large opportunity it will endure large harm. There is no support for 3rd party apps. Steve Jobs says, â€Å" It is to maintain people from put ining package that can convey down cell webs † . I say it limits the appliance ‘s versatility. Last, it has losing memory card slot. Hmmm. 8GB is a batch, but non if you want to convey around all your music. Apple ‘s borders have ever been immense, and the iPhone is no exclusion.Ford Ranger ; a cool public-service corporationTrucks used to be, well – merely trucks. Not any longer! The new trucks offered by auto makers the past old ages have changed the image of ‘Utes ( slang for public-service corporation ) , and with that, those who drive them. Welcome the new coevalss of public-service corporation vehicles-trucks you will non mind being seen anyplace even in rural countries in the Philippines. While Mitsubishi took its Strada for a entire aesthetic inspection and repair, doing it prettier, Ford introduced the new Ranger in 2006 with decorative ascents that made it look even more butch and tough. Revised bumpers, a new grill, wing flairs, and fog lamps stand out in the ascent, giving the Texas Ranger a more aggressive facia reminiscent of its bigger and tougher sibling, the F150. A no-frills inside remind you that the Ranger is first and foremost, a public-service corporation vehicle, with merely an ascent on the guidance wheel, gage bunch and stereo that intimations at modernness. The drive, thrust and feel of the 2007 Ranger cement its repute as a true workhorse on wheels. Elude engine and unsmooth drive remind you repeatedly that this is non a truck feigning to be a auto, and is proud to be what it is. It can tow more than 5,500 lbs and is, literally, good for the long draw. It may non be your first pick of drive if you are be aftering to take your long-time crush out on a first day of the month, but it is decidedly, the truck you will desire to drive for a weekend.A Holiday to Taal Vista HotelI could give at least four grounds that I could travel back to Taal Vista Hotel with my good friends. First, it is the position of nature and the Taal vent. You can commune with the nature and breathe easy by hanging out for hours at the position deck. The hotel now boasts of being one of the state ‘s most outstanding hotels frequented by Filipinos and aliens. With its munificent characteristics, service-oriented staff, and a beautiful position, what more can guests ask for. Second, it has green environing. Childs and kids-at-heart can lounge on the grass and play for merriment. My two nephews truly enjoyed their twenty-four hours. You are free, you can bask sauntering around, and you can run into new friends. Third, they call it Wi-Fi by the lake. It would be nice to sip hot cocoa and web log about the lovely position while waiting for the sundown. Wi-Fi at the Taal Vista Hotel was established in December 2006. Now, vacationists can bask Wi-Fi anyplace in the hotel, even in the comfort of their ain suites. Last, it is the nutrient that I liked and enjoyed. The cocoa eruption bar is more than plenty of a ground to do me leap into my auto and nothing to Tagaytay. I have to seek the house fortes from the a La menu bill of fare. I got the Crispy Tawalis – native fish found in Taal – served on a bed of Crispy noodle strips. I vastly enjoyed its brawny helping, crispy texture, and tasty soy-chili sauce. There is one thing I will ne'er bury from that trip. The grass by the position deck was so inviting I really rolled around and put on the grass. I was in my ain merriment land, and no digital camera can capture the perfect smiling on my face.Asustek P735At first glimpse, the P735 looks like a thenar device, but the similarity ends at that place. This 3G-enabled PDA phone self-praises of its sole ASUS package. One such package allows the user to command PowerPoint presentations on a laptop via Bluetooth. Not to be left out are the imaging maps, which include a 2-megapixel camera and a secondary 1 for picture naming. This babe runs on Windowss Mobile, which besides allows users to redact Word and Excel paperss on the spell.LG Prada KE850LG ‘s KE850 tries to take a page out of Apple ‘s book. Sporting minimum buttons in the forepart similar to the iPhone, the LG KE850 makes usage of a touch screen for assorted maps. With GPRS, Bluetooth, and WAP-enabled, it boasts of a consti tutional wireless, PIM functionality, and a 2-megapixel camera at the dorsum. Though its characteristics resemble that of the typical PDA, it is still really different from the iPhone. However, if you want to add bling to your aggregation of devices, the Prada KE850 is more than a worthy campaigner.BlackBerry PearlBlackBerry devices in our state, Philippines, are limited. They are normally the little, broad, QWERTY-enabled monochrome appliances for bourgeoiss. BlackBerry ups its offering with its latest babe, the Pearl. The BlackBerry Pearl ‘s design is rather similar to today ‘s smartphones. It is equipped with 1.3 megapixel camera and is EDGE-enabled. Data entry and pilotage, nevertheless, are limited to the keyboard and the pearl trackball.Oakley Thump 2It is a brace of dark glassess with a constitutional digital music participant. Those are the basics-the border here is Oakley makes it. It is pricey from the beginning, nut has unparalleled optics right out of the box ; that has ne'er been a inquiry. It barely gets better than Oakley does. The existent inquiry is here: Does Oakley, the dark glassess company, has anything to oppose against Apple, the iPod company, in the DM sphere. In add-on, would a combo sunglass-digital music participant have any opportunity against 100s of options available out at that place? In add-on, what are those monetary values? About its optics, the glass is unimpeachable. When you put the dark glassess on, it is obvious why it costs much more than its brethren do. The design is cool and trendy, which might give it jobs someplace down the route when manner winds blow in a different way. About its sound, it is your basic participant – with a robust, full sound, and great treble-could bash with a spot more bass, but it is non moth-eaten. Personally, I find the upper volume bounds excessively low for my ears. I loaded up Chris Daughtry ‘s introduction album and found it strange that the first path crackled in the ear buds, while the other cuts sounded great. I determined it must be the encryption, non the cogwheel.Make cods D810: travel with mannerYou should ne'er acquire lost with this Do cod. The Do cod D810 is truly a spectator even for a non-PDA phone user. Its elegant, glistening outside is made of an acrylic bed, and non of plastic, as I thought. This fashionable PDA phone comes in two colourss, polished Black and Immaculate white. The Do pod D810 ‘s expression does non take away from its characteristics: it packs many power characteristics, giving other PDA phones a tally for their money. Triping applications was ever a catch, and the picture I have watched played swimmingly with the D810 ‘s Windowss media participant. It comes with nomadic version of MS word, excel, and PowerPoint. Battery life averaged at least a twenty-four hours and a half to two yearss. If the unit runs out of battery, the information in my D810 will non be erased, thanks to Windowss mobile 5 ‘s relentless storage memory. The Do cod D810 is lightweight and can easy be placed inside your bloomerss pocket. Users who want to compose SMS in the conventional manner may make so by utilizing Do cod ‘s constitutional practical phone tablet. Make pod late released an update to trip the GPS bit of D810. Once activated, the bit can suit third-party GPS apps on the D810 to let screening of maps. The bottom line is that the Do cod D810 is a must-have { DA phone for people going a batch, whether for concern or leisure. You will ne'er acquire lost with its constitutional GPS. Just do non lose the D810Olympus mju 725SW: any season shot, anyplace!A camera you would non go forth buttocks. Built with metal organic structures, mju cameras are every bit tough as some of the low-cost SLR organic structures do today. The first digital mju theoretical accounts, with the line ‘s repute for quality and stamina, were a sight for picture taking partisans. The Olympus mju 725SW is no exclusion. A three x optical rapid climb lens paired with a 7.1 megapixel CCD detector is used for the imaging maps of this camera. Using folded optics engineering, the lens does non widen or abjure upon concentrating and whizzing. This makes the mju 725SW really compact. A bright 2.5-inch screen is used for the rear show. With Olympus ‘s bright gaining control engineering, the camera ‘s public presentation in low visible radiation is enhanced. This invention is used to take good images underwater, efficaciously hiking sensitiveness and the show ‘s brightness. The folded optics design requires that the lens be placed off-center to maximise infinite without increasing majority. However, your left manus may sometimes barricade the lens if you are non excessively careful. The bottom line is that with its compact bundle that can defy whipping and the elements, what has non to love about the Olympus mju 725SW? I could merely conceive of the originative possibilities with such alone characteristics.Samsung CLP-300 Color Laser Printer: the universe ‘s smallest colour optical maser pressman.When we have our â€Å" suislide † and â€Å" dip † escapades at Danao, Bohol, Philippines, we instantly have our images taken by the forces in that country. We merely paid PhP50 for the immediate image we had. I was really astonied. I asked the adult female who is in-charge about the name of the pressman. It is Samsung CLP-300 Color Laser Printer. Experience twice the power in half the size with Samsung ‘s CLP-300. The universe ‘s smallest and lightest colour optical maser pressman weighs merely 13.6 kilograms and covers an country merely every bit little as an unfastened magazine. Designed to dispute the place and little office market ‘s colour inkjet monopoly, the Samsung CLP-300 series provides a compact and low-cost option to monochrome optical maser pressmans and colour inkjets, offering matchless lucidity and print quality with a 2400 ten 600 dpi declaration. The pressman boasts a print velocity of four pages per minute ( ppm ) for colour printing and a solid 16 ppm for black and white printing, while keeping ultra-quiet printing with Samsung ‘s patented Non-orbiting Noiseless Optics Imaging System ( NO-NOIS ) engineering. With this engineering, the Samsung CLP-300 operates at a lower noise degree than any standard multi-pass pressman. Its advanced and convenient bottle-shape toners besides provide hassle-free toner alterations.To the Filipino young personI took a quotation mark from Jose Rizal ‘s verse form, A LA Juventud Filipina ( To the Filipino Youth ) – in which Jose Rizal said that the young person is the hope of the fatherland. That celebrated line is still mere words, largely used during addresss but seldom being realized. It is during elections that the celebrated lines are being overused, trusting to lure immature electors, to animate and to give them hope. In add-on, it is during this clip that the being of the other causes person ‘s non-existence merely because they want power. The thought of ABS-CBN ‘s Boto Mo Ipatrol Mo is simple: to maintain Filipinos vigilant, to acquire the people to care and to take action. It gives Filipinos a opportunity to talk up and eschew the possibility of bloodshed. However, it was a smack on the brow when the chance to be a portion of the Boto Mo Ipatrol Mo: Ako Ang Simula came here in our state and got merely small support from a certain school. It was non merely a smack. It was an earth-shaking smack. I could number the figure of participant who attended the assemblage and forums. That was a sad thing. It was rather a shame in that peculiar school. However, I would non nail everyone who was non at that place. The deficiency of engagement from the pupils and the people was likely due to inefficient airing of the information. It could hold been better if categories were suspended in order to let pupils to take part the said activity without worrying the categories. However, I could non agitate off what is obvious, that is apathy. Majority of the young person, largely pupils, merely travel in and out. They ne'er take clip to halt, read, and listen. In add-on, it reflects the immature people of our society. Majority of the young person today base on balls by at the deafening sound of unfairness and the call for freedom and alteration, with earpieces plugged in. merely few are able to stand and talk up. Merely few would draw off their earpieces and listen to the calls they ever hear but ne'er cared to listen. Let us all be hearers. Let us all be argus-eyed. Let us all maintain our values intact, be responsible and be the young person in Rizal ‘s A La Juventud Filipina. Let us be the alteration we want to see.Know your Philippine presidential and frailty presidential campaigners.Here are some of the presidential campaigners:Gilbert Eduardo Gerardo â€Å" Gibo † Cojuangco Teodoro Jr.He is a attorney, politician, and a former president of the Lakas-Kampi-CMD party. Aside from forcing for reforms, he besides called for more financess for the armed forces ‘s modernisation plan. His running mate is Edu Manzano, a Television personality.Joseph Ejercito Estrada.He is an histrion, politician, and the former president. He banners the Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Laban Party ( PDP-LABAN ) . His disposal marked the meteorologic rise of concern barons and intensifying insurgence in Mindanao. Estrada ‘s running mate is Jejomar â€Å" Jojo † Cabauatan Binay, the incumbent city manager of Makati metropolis. Jojo has this passion for the protection of the human rights as seen by his Acts of the Apostless of giving free legal aid to hapless clients and victims of human rights maltreatments during the Marcus government.Manuel â€Å" Manny † Bamba Villar Jr.He is a bourgeois and politician. He is the president of the Nacionalista Party. He organized the â€Å" adult male on wheels † plan, a support preparation school housed in a new wave that makes unit of ammunitions in down countries. He besides authored the New Magna Carta for Small and Medium Enterprises ( RA 6289 ) . Villar ‘s running mate is Lorna Regina Bautista Lagarda. She authored Torahs that protect the rights of adult females, young person and kids.Benigno Simeon â€Å" Noynoy † Cojuangco Aquino IIIHe is a politician. He passed house measures like HB 4251. This grants the one-year productiveness inducements to all workers in private sectors. The HB 4397 strengthens the power of the Department of trade and Industry ( DTI ) . Aquino ‘s running mate is Manuel â€Å" Mar † Araneta Roxas II, an economic expert and politicia n. Mar ‘s protagonism includes the rights of every Filipino to low-cost medical specialties. He besides authored the Roxas Law ( Republic Act No. 7880 ) which ensures just distribution of the instruction capital budget among all the states.

All That Glitters Is Not Gold – Paper

ALL THAT GLITTERS IS NOT GOLD Outward appearance can be greatly misleading. Gold  is a very valuable metal. It has an attractive glittering appearance too. But it does not mean that everything which  glitters  like  gold  should be precious. There are utterly valueless things that look like  gold  and taking them on their face value is unwise. On the contrary, some of the dull looking things possess immense value. Their appearance is in no way proportionate to the great value they have. This is true of human beings also.A person may be good looking having an attractive character. But he may not possess any real ability or talent. He can even turn out to be unscrupulous too. A man must be judged on the basis of his abilities and not on his  external appearance. Many of the truly good and great men are humble. Goodness and perfection do not go with gaudiness. Like shining glass pieces which dazzle and glitter like  diamonds  the appearance of men can be greatly misl eading. Therefore estimation and analysis of people on the basis of mere appearance is an unwise approach.Never go by the appearance of anything, be it a person or a thing. Simply wanting for it just by the looks of it can lead to great disaster. Most of the time, what we see is not the reality; the outside appearance generally hides all the truth and reality. Though we might say face is the index of the heart, there are so many methods to hide the face reactions. But that can be found out on constant and vigilant observation alone. The credit worthiness of so many things is definitely questionable. When it comes to a materialistic thing, its worth can be judged only on using it.In the same way, we can find the true color of a person only by moving with them, though not closely at least getting acquainted with them. Now a days, we can see so many imitation jewelry that shine even more than gold. Any individual can be judged by his deeds and attitude. Many a times, aptitude or fearle ssness can be found out to be a fake one. Advertisements are the best way to market any product, but most of the times; they just don't show the reality. But not all of them are like that, but one has to be very careful with such type of advertisements.The actions of people in today's world are self centered and they just look at the benefits they get out of it. It is better to be careful to start a friendship with those who try to project themselves as your well wishers or friends. It is better to ascertain their motives and actions and a constant vigil need to be kept on them. One have to understand that all those metals that are shiny and yellow in color need not be gold, they might be painted yellow or just any other yellow metal. So one has been aware of the appearance and judges everything.So it is better to keep in mind â€Å"All that glitters is not gold†. Life is something really strange. In life we come across several things and persons that are entirely different f rom what they look like. Outward shows are generally misleading. Same is the case with certain†¦ ALL THAT GLITTERS IS NOT GOLD Appearances are often deceptive. Many things may superficially appear very attractive. When they are examined from close quarters, they prove to be disappointing. One cannot judge the quality of a thing by seeing its exterior portion only. Every shinning metal is not gold.Very often, things are not what they seem to be. We often form our opinion bout objects on the basic of superficial impression. One should always try to find out the true nature of things. We should try to find out the reality hidden behind their glittering facade. A book with a beautiful cover has no guarantee of its being interesting. A beautiful packaged product launched in the market after massive advertising campaign may attract the consumer. He may but that product once but if the product is of poor quality, he would not buy it again. A wise discerning person does not accept thin gs at face value.He gets suspicious of a person or thing which appears too good to be true. His trained eyes can see beyond the superficial appearance of an object. The quality of anything can be judge only if we come to know the reality of a thing. Gold is gold if the inner metal is also gold. Many things are made of inferior metal and to hide their defect, they are given a shine. They look beautiful and attract many a person who loves beautiful objects. An object with a glittering shin of gold cannot b gold unless the whole object itself is gold. All that glitters is not gold.All people wearing saffron clothes cannot be saints. A foolish man can never be wise by pretending to be wise. A person may pretend to be noble, hiding his defects. One cannot judge a person from his smiling face or cheerful appearance. The wearing of a gown cannot make an idiot a lawyer. One often tempted towards external beauty. Sometimes, even the wise fall prey to such temptations. The most innocent masks may hide behind them the most cunning of cheats. Simplicity can be deceptive too. One may pretend to be simple though one may not†¦ [continues]

The American Legal System essays

The American Legal System essays This paper is dealing with articles related to the American legal system, I will discuss examples pertaining to chapters 18-19-20. I will discuss articles consisting of arbitration, the role of the legislature, the role of judges decisions, the Constitution and how it affects a law, different types of crimes and why they are committed, and the job of a police officer. In chapter 20: Civil Justice, it discusses arbitration as a means of avoiding Civil Trials. One article titled, Panel hears publics criticism of arbitration, is an example of a conflict that is to be handled by arbitration. The article is about complaints about arbitration from a handful of speakers that attended a San Antonio public hearing. A national Public Citizen study found private arbitration is in fact so expensive that most consumers give up rather than go through the process. This article contrasts to what this chapter states on arbitration. In chapter 20: Civil Justice, it states that arbitration almost always costs less than a civil trial and is considerably faster. One reason that arbitration is less costly and usually faster is because the arbitrator is usually an expert on the subject in the dispute. Therefore, it takes less time to hear a case and come to a decision. Another reason is that the parties save the expense of filing court papers. Also, people who choose a rbitration are less likely to have cases that need lawyers. In the article, it gives examples of how costly arbitration can be. Home Owners for Better Building President Janet Ahmad gave a report that contained an example of an $80,000 claim that would cost $221 to file in an Illinois court versus $11,625 with the National Arbitration Forum, $6,650 with the American Arbitration Assoc. and $7,950 with Judicial Arbitration and Mediation Services. My point is that arbitration is not being handled in the standard way that it is supposed too. In chapter 18: Laws and o...

Isalm to 10 graders essays

Isalm to 10 graders essays You might be asking yourself at this point, Why should I care about the Islam religion and Muslims. The answer is that these are very important to the world and we need to be educated about the unknowns of our world. We ourselves are mainly ignorant to the rest of the world and that leads to misunderstanding and confused hatred. By simple learning about the basics of the religion and the culture we can come closer to peace and friendship. There are over 1.2 billion Muslims in the world. It is the fastest growing religion; one in five people in the world is now Muslim. Islam has been around for fourteen centuries so there must be something to it to stay around and attract new members. Many Americans have distorted views of the teachings of the Quran. There are violent passages in the Quran as well as the bible. People tend to take the Quran out of context and make it sound malicious and looking for conflicts when in reality it is the exact opposite. Jihad translated means effort, exertion, or struggle but has been popularly known as holy war which is not true. The Quran means surrender and is related to the word salam which means peace in Arabic. The religious wars referred to in the Quran are almost identical to those talked about in the bible and both promise a spot in heaven if you should die for the cause. Another topic that most outsiders are confused about is the treatment of women in the Muslim world. In the teachings of Islam the woman is to be well respected and honored. In some countries though, women are treated unfairly but that has nothing to do with the Quran or its teachings. Women are encouraged to be educated and make money. The world that Islam arose was one in need of structure. It was an ignorant world in complete chaos. The people at this time did not believe in an afterlife so they did not ca ...

Picture Glossary of Geological Landforms

Picture Glossary of Geological Landforms The Earth has a diverse landscape of made up of many different landforms. These landforms have been shaped by everything from humans to weather and even the shifting of the tectonic plates. These stunning photos of each landform type will help illustrate the wonders of nature all around us. Depositional Landforms Depositional Landforms  are  built up by movement of material, usually sediment. Alluvial Fan- Where sediment spills from hills into piles on plains. Bajada- Apron of debris built of many alluvial fans. Bar- Sediment piled across the mouth of a river or bay. Barrier Island- Long sandy bar that guards the coast. Beach- Sandy shore between land and sea. Delta- Where sediment fills the mouth of a river. Dune- Pile of fine sand built by the wind. Floodplain- Wide muddy flats flanking a river. Landslide- Sediment deposit created by mass movement. Lava Flow- Building block of volcanoes. Levee- Natural berm along a river, rarely seen today. Mud Volcano- Edifice built by eruptions of gas-charged sediment. Playa- Dry lake bed, typically dusty or salty. Spit- Bar or barrier island growing offshore into open water. Terrace- Ancient bench built into a vanished lake. Tombolo- Sandbar joining two pieces of land. Tufa Tower- Limy growth exposed as a mineral lake subsides. Volcano- Mountain that grows from the inside up. Special Galleries: Landslides, Tombolos, Mud Volcanoes Erosional Landforms Erosional Landforms  are carved by the forces of erosion. Erosion is when landmasses are shaped by water. Arch- Short-lived natural bridges of stone. Arroyo- Flat-floored streambed typical of deserts. Badlands- Mazelike area of strong stream dissection. Butte- Narrow table mountain or abruptly rising stone hill. Canyon- Large, steep-walled rocky valley. Chimney- Column of rock standing in the water off a beach. Cliff- Precipitous rock face of various heights. Cirque- Mountainside bowl shaped by a glacier. Cuesta- Ridge of hard rock beds that slope gently. Gorge- High-walled rocky valley cut by vigorous waters. Gulch- Steep and narrow ravine eroded by flash floods. Gully- Small channel cut into a soft material. Hanging Valley- Stream bed that ends in a waterfall. Hogback- Ridge of hard rock beds that slope steeply. Hoodoo- Tall rock column carved by desert erosion. Hoodoo Rock- Bizarre rock shape carved by desert erosion. Inselberg- Remnant rock knob typical of deserts. Mesa- Table mountain, steep-sided and flat-topped. Monadnock- Mountainous remnant of widespread regional erosion. Mountain- Large, rocky hill with a peak. Ravine- Narrow, rocky valley carved by water. Sea Arch- Arch cut by ocean waves. Sinkhole- Collapsed ground where underlying rock has been removed. Tor- Rounded rocky knob unearthed from an underground origin. Valley- In general, low ground with high ground around it. Volcanic Neck- Solid lava core of a former volcano. Wash or Wadi- Streambed that is usually either dry or flooded. Water Gap- River valley that cuts through a rock ridge. Wave-Cut Platform- Rock surface cut flat by long exposure to surf. Yardang- Sediment shape carved by fierce desert winds. Tectonic Landforms Tectonic Landforms are made by movements of Earths crust such as earthquakes.   Escarpment- Large cliff usually made by faulting. Fault Scarp- Short-lived sign of earthquake displacement. Pressure Ridge- When push comes to shove, rock rises. Rift Valley- Formed by splitting lithospheric plates. Sag Basin- When pull comes to tug, rock falls. Shutter Ridge- High ground pulled sideways across a stream. Stream Offset- Disruption of a waterway by repeated fault motion.

Introduction to Government failures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Introduction to Government failures - Essay Example    Information failure is also another major factor that greatly contributes to governments failures. Because the government does not necessarily know enough details to enable it to make effective decisions on the best way to allocate scarce resources. Most of the economists believe in the efficient market hypothesis. That is, they assume that the market will always contain adequate information than any government or individual.The insinuation is that market values and market movements should be free from interference because individuals or governments cannot improve upon markets. Moreover, taxes on goods as well as services can raise prices artificially and interfere the efficient operation of the market. Also, taxes on incomes can create a disincentive impact and discouraging individuals from working hard to achieve the set goals and objectives in a particular country.Fixing of prices is also another major factor that leads to government failures. The government can fix both mini mum as well as maximum prices that can create distortions that contribute to various shortages. Shortages may rise if the government of a particular country fixes the prices of various products below the market rate. Also, provision of free health care services by the government is another major factor that contributes to its failures. That is, there will be long waiting lists for treatment that might be outnumbering the efforts of health care providers and thus causing failure in the provision of this particular service.

The Milgram experiment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Milgram experiment - Essay Example This particular aspect also contravenes ethical principal A: Beneficence and Nonmaleficence ("Ethical Principles", 2003). However it should be commended that when offering payment of $4.50 an hour, the participants were told that they would receive the payment whether or not they completed the experiment, this was the most ethical thing to do as then payment wouldn't be the motivator of the participants actions. Looking at all the facts given above, it can be argued that the researchers should have been honest with the participants about the nature of the experiment being a study in obedience and not that of memory and learning and that the experimenter should have reminded the participant/teacher that they are free to leave at anytime, instead of using verbal prods to ensure they continue with the experiment. While this is correct we should keep in mind that the experiment results would not have been accurate if the above suggestions were followed even though it may have made the experiment more ethical.

Project systems and methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Project systems and methods - Essay Example PRINCE has been able to stem this tide of failure, principally through the introduction of structures and standards that have gained wide acceptance. It has also become one of the icons of best practices in project management in the information technology sector, especially in Europe. The PRINCE 2 methodology has a project cycle made up of five distinct phases. These include (i) project definition and organization (ii) planning (iii) control (iv) risk management and (v) change management. The project definition and organization phase delineates roles required to get the identified problem(s) addressed. It also seeks during this phase to identify requisite personnel that can best fulfill the roles identified. The mechanism and processes for carrying out these roles or functions are also stipulated. Issues pertaining to ownership of outcomes that can possibly affect project completion are also sorted out. A major drawback of this phase and the entire methodology for that matter, is that enough room is not given for problem identification and deliberation. It sets out to identify roles for people before the actual problems and the solutions devised for them are tested on a pilot basis. A major deficiency of this kind often spills unto successive phases of the project. The planning phase designs the project after taking technical considerations into account. What is developed at this stage is carried out on a pilot basis to enable the strengths and weaknesses associated with it to be identified. The feedback received is used in fine-tuning the document and in developing technical and resource plans for the project. It is important to point out here that what may have been considered a problem initially , which necessitated the development of the project, may differ remarkably from what may emerge from the pilot stage. If at this stage roles have already been identified and personnel assigned, it is quite clear that they may not be suitable for the roles assigned them. The control phase considers the procedures and processes for instituting effective control of the project. It defines control and decision points and the means for achieving them. It therefore outlines how and when project team meetings and reporting times should be done. The last two phases, namely risk and change management assess the potential sources of risk and how they could be mitigated. It also looks at what can possibly prevent the project from realizing its goals and maps out measures for addressing them. Pacelli (2004) has identified risk and issue management as an important but often easily overlooked aspect of successful project management. As a technique for managing projects, PRINCE 2 scores high marks for its implementation phase, as its sets out detailed processes and procedures for ensuring project success. Other merits associated with the methodology can be summarized as follows:- * It encourages the use of a common vocabulary, procedures, processes and documentation. This results in standardized projects when the PRINCE 2 software is used. * Its standards have wide acceptance in the information technology industry, especially in Europe. *It encourages the application of Jo Owen ( 2002)'s concept of 'Management by walking away". This approach gives project personnel ample

GOING GLOBAL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

GOING GLOBAL - Essay Example We critically analyse their strategy and see how they are coping in the international arena. The paper ends with a discussion on two strategies: standardisation and adaptation. When companies decide to enter new markets they have to decide which one they will follow and once they have decided this, they develop a plan. All further decisions are based on this strategy. We have discussed many things concerning the bank, their strategy, their history and what are they looking for when they decide to locate in a new country. The details of costs have also been discussed in detail. Also, the strategy the bank follows whether it wants to standardise its products around the world or customise them according to the country. We also looked at the adaptation techniques that the bank uses when they enter a new market. Also we analyse what has worked for the bank; to standardise their product or to adapt it to countries requirements. Today the whole world is one big market. There are no boundaries and businesses can operate all around the world without having offices in any of the places. Most of this has been possible because of the internet, communication has become easier and faster. Each and every company uses a different strategy to expand into the global market. The onset of going global is gradual. One of the main reasons why companies have decided to expand into markets around the world is because they want to gain a competitive

Apital punishment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Apital punishment - Research Paper Example Of the developed western countries, only the United States continues to actively practice capital punishment, and this varies significantly between different states. History of capital punishment Prior to the 18th-century, capital punishment was prevalent in England for a range of types of crime, including theft and assault. However, as power shifted towards a parliamentary system, and away from the monarch having sole power, the use of capital punishment decreased. This was partly driven by a desire to see more democracy, and also because the death penalty was becoming ineffective at reducing crime rates (Lieberman 200-203). At this time the list of crimes that were punishable by death was so extensive that enforcing the law was difficult and often impossible. Because the only option for those convicted of capital crimes was death, many were released or recommended for royal pardon, based on compassion (Lieberman 209). Consequently, the use of capital punishment began to decrease, a nd there was an increase in the rate at which criminals were imprisoned In southern France 1977, a Tunisian worker was killed by guillotine as the result of a conviction of murder. While there was nothing significant about the conviction itself, this was the last time that an individual was executed through capital punishment in Western Europe in the 20th century. This trend was prevalent throughout the world, and in the same year only two people were put to death in the United States (Zimring 15-16). The worldwide perception of capital punishment has changed throughout the decades. Initially, Europe believed that the presence of the death penalty was the decision of the individual nation. However, since 2000 Europe has placed a strong emphasis on the human rights aspect of capital punishment, believing the use of the death penalty to be a violation of human rights (Zimring 17). Capital punishment in the United States The occurrence of capital punishment within the United States of America remains an issue of significant moral, political and legal relevance. America is the only developed nation in the western world that continues to use capital punishment as a legal means of punishing criminals (Zimring viii). The use of capital punishment in the United States is varied, and some states actively use the death penalty, while others have abolished it altogether. While the number of people sentenced to death has been dramatically increasing, the same trend has not been observed in number of people executed (Zimring 6). The history of capital punishment in the United States is surprising and unpredictable. In the 1950s and 1960s the pattern of executions followed that of the rest of the western world, with a steadily decreasing number of deaths by capital punishment per year. By 1965, this figure had decreased to less than ten executions each year. A moratorium was released on capital punishment in 1972, which lasted until 1970. However, from 1970 to the present d ay, the nationwide rates of capital punishment have been increasing, and they currently resemble the rates that occurred prior to the moratorium (Zimring 6-7). Capital punishment shows substantial variation across the states. Thirty-eight states have legal statutes that allow the death penalty, although several of these have not executed an individual for decades. Furthermore, variation among the states that practice the death penalty is significant. In 2000, 40 people were executed in the state of Texas, out of the 85 executions that occurred across the nation (Zimring 7). One significant change that has occurred in the death penalty since its inception is the movement

The challenges of finding talent in pharmaceutical MNEs Essay

The challenges of finding talent in pharmaceutical MNEs - Essay Example Powell and Lubitsh (2007) conjecturally pointed out that talented human resource pool is the supportive pillar for organizations and organizations also know the fact that developing talent can benefit them in long term manner. Collings and Mellahi (2009) highlighted the importance of finding right talent for MNEs. According to these research scholars, MNEs maintains a large portfolio of business spanning in different countries and they need the intellectual and participatory help from its employees in order to incorporate innovation and adapt to changing environment. In addition, Cappelli (2008) also stated the same views; they claimed that if employees failed in their job, it means some parts of organization also fail. Therefore, finding appropriate talent is the major and minor premise in developing and retaining talent. Schuler et al. (2011) claimed that the talent challenges have become a significant human resource issue for global firms. The biggest problem is whether the organi zation is able to get the right people in the right place at the right time. Collings and Mellahi (2009) suggested that MNEs could not find their most talented employees and where they are located around the world. Abbasi et al. (2010) stated that talented human capital is the most organic and living asset for organization and there is no doubt that a firm can achieve competitive advantage by using the talented human capital. Abbasi et al. (2010) concentrated their study on pharmaceutical industry and came to the conclusion that finding talent in pharmaceutical industry is not an easy task. According to them, pharmaceutical industry is a sensitive industry in terms knowledge integration or technology integration. Developing a medicine needs sheer amount scientific knowledge and natural talent for innovation and unfortunately, very few pharmaceutical companies have the opportunity to access talented human resource pool (Abbasi et al., 2010). According to Richard (2001), number of pha rmaceutical MNEs has been increased in recent times due to increase in merger and acquisition activities. As result of this industry boom, need for talent has increased manifold for pharmaceutical MNEs in order to ensure smooth operation. Increasing labour market demand is cause of concern for pharmaceutical MNEs and interesting fact is that, McAlearney (2006) classified pharmaceutical industries as late adapter contemporary human resource management activities (HRM) such as training and development, global talent management (GMT) etc. In such context, it will be challenging for pharmaceutical MNEs to meet the labour market demand for talented professionals. Although, topic like ‘finding talent in pharmaceutical industry’ is exciting one but surprisingly very few researchers have tried to shed light on the topic from literary viewpoint. Apart from the research work of Abbasi et al. (2010), literature on â€Å"talent management in pharmaceutical Multinational Enterprise (MNE) is pretty scarce hence in this paper, the researcher will try shed some

Apital punishment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Apital punishment - Research Paper Example Of the developed western countries, only the United States continues to actively practice capital punishment, and this varies significantly between different states. History of capital punishment Prior to the 18th-century, capital punishment was prevalent in England for a range of types of crime, including theft and assault. However, as power shifted towards a parliamentary system, and away from the monarch having sole power, the use of capital punishment decreased. This was partly driven by a desire to see more democracy, and also because the death penalty was becoming ineffective at reducing crime rates (Lieberman 200-203). At this time the list of crimes that were punishable by death was so extensive that enforcing the law was difficult and often impossible. Because the only option for those convicted of capital crimes was death, many were released or recommended for royal pardon, based on compassion (Lieberman 209). Consequently, the use of capital punishment began to decrease, a nd there was an increase in the rate at which criminals were imprisoned In southern France 1977, a Tunisian worker was killed by guillotine as the result of a conviction of murder. While there was nothing significant about the conviction itself, this was the last time that an individual was executed through capital punishment in Western Europe in the 20th century. This trend was prevalent throughout the world, and in the same year only two people were put to death in the United States (Zimring 15-16). The worldwide perception of capital punishment has changed throughout the decades. Initially, Europe believed that the presence of the death penalty was the decision of the individual nation. However, since 2000 Europe has placed a strong emphasis on the human rights aspect of capital punishment, believing the use of the death penalty to be a violation of human rights (Zimring 17). Capital punishment in the United States The occurrence of capital punishment within the United States of America remains an issue of significant moral, political and legal relevance. America is the only developed nation in the western world that continues to use capital punishment as a legal means of punishing criminals (Zimring viii). The use of capital punishment in the United States is varied, and some states actively use the death penalty, while others have abolished it altogether. While the number of people sentenced to death has been dramatically increasing, the same trend has not been observed in number of people executed (Zimring 6). The history of capital punishment in the United States is surprising and unpredictable. In the 1950s and 1960s the pattern of executions followed that of the rest of the western world, with a steadily decreasing number of deaths by capital punishment per year. By 1965, this figure had decreased to less than ten executions each year. A moratorium was released on capital punishment in 1972, which lasted until 1970. However, from 1970 to the present d ay, the nationwide rates of capital punishment have been increasing, and they currently resemble the rates that occurred prior to the moratorium (Zimring 6-7). Capital punishment shows substantial variation across the states. Thirty-eight states have legal statutes that allow the death penalty, although several of these have not executed an individual for decades. Furthermore, variation among the states that practice the death penalty is significant. In 2000, 40 people were executed in the state of Texas, out of the 85 executions that occurred across the nation (Zimring 7). One significant change that has occurred in the death penalty since its inception is the movement

Stereotypes in the Media Essay Example for Free

Stereotypes in the Media Essay Abstract The aim of this research is aimed to compare the frequency of stereotypes between different genres of prime time television shows. 36 Year 11 students were enrolled to record the number of stereotypes they saw portrayed in televised media. The results were collated to compare how many stereotypes appeared in the genres. Results indicated that News portrayed the most stereotypes, followed by comedy, then by drama. Results interpreted showed news stereotypes are considered more socially acceptable, whereas comedy stereotypes can be viewed as offensive and not suitable for children. Drama was very similar to comedy. Stereotypes and their Pervasiveness in the Media The media these days is littered with stereotypes. These stereotypes portray a multitude of different categories, such as age, race, religion, sex and sexuality, mostly in a negative light. The aged, for example, have bad hearing; Muslims are all violent and suicidal; and the French have a snobbish attitude, love for frogs legs, and a hate for the English. While stereotypes tend to have a grain of truth within them (the French really do hate the English), they tend to overlook the differences between individuals, making them too generalised and unreliable. Despite this inaccuracy, the media still does this often. While stereotypes are used in comedy â€Å"for the lulz,† they are deliberately used in this manner, unlike in certain news and current affairs shows, where it is used out of ignorance and efficiency. Because of the way media has stereotyped minorities, society has absorbed this into everyday use and many find it socially acceptable to use offensive stereotypes in everyday conversations. While comedy shows are not trying to offend and proliferate stereotypes, they in fact cause more harm than news and current affairs programs. The Simpsons, a television show known well for its satirical voice and comedic social commentary, is scattered with stereotypes, many of immigrants. Apu, an Indian convenience store owner who appears often in the show, is stingy and has a recognisably Indian accent and prays to his Hindu god, Ganesh. This inaccurate portrayal of Indian immigrants is perceived to be humourous by the public, but they are likely to apply these stereotypes to real people if their misconceptions are not corrected. This research aimed to compare the frequency of stereotypes between different genres of prime time television shows. The genres compared were comedy, drama and news. The hypothesis is that comedy will have the most stereotypes, followed by news, then by drama. Method Participants The participants in this investigation were 36 fifteen to sixteen year olds in year 11 of high school. The students were all academically selective and were mostly Caucasian. The participants chosen were all psychology students, taught by the same teacher. Parents had given permission to participate in this research and signed a permission slip for students to watch at least 3 prime time television shows within two weeks, one to be news or current affairs, the other two being of their choice. Apparatus A log sheet was given (see appendix A) to record the amount of time watching television, and the number of stereotypes noticed. Televisions were to be provided by the participants. So were pens. Procedure The 36 participants were instructed to watch television between the hours of 5 and 10pm. While watching television, they were to record the number of times they saw a stereotype being portrayed and comment on what was being portrayed. This took place over two weeks, after which the results were collated and analysed. Results The results are shown in chart form in Appendix B and C. Once the results were graphed there was not much of a difference between the genres. The data in the graph is collected from a number of participants’ log sheets. 30 people watched news, 21 watched comedy, and 19 watched dramas. The graph didn’t show a single genre to contain significantly more stereotypes. [pic] The graph above shows that there seems to be less of a gap between different stereotypes in comedy, while news has more stereotypes of age and less of religion. Drama has less stereotypes than the others, even when the lack of viewers is factored in. Race and gender are the stereotypes most portrayed by television. Discussion The data partially supports the hypothesis. Despite drama being the genre of television with the least stereotypes, comedy came second to news. News portrayed a lot more stereotypes of age. This is probably a result of violent attacks on old people in their homes. The least portrayed were sexuality, most likely a result of complaints of sexually explicit material being aired. The results do show a large amount of stereotypes are present in television shows. The stereotyping has a tendency to make things quicker and less time-consuming. After all, how is it possible to list all the political, social, economic, ideological and theological differences of a population of about 6 billion? The accuracy of this investigation is to be questioned. While it is possible to rely on this data, it is not going to be completely accurate and it may not demonstrate the true amount of stereotyping done on television. If, for example, all the news shos watched were from the same network, this would affect the results. Other networks may be more biased or even more impartial. The lack of regulation of the programs and networks would have had some effect on the accuracy of the results. Also, the method of recording the stereotypes might also affect the results. With a very vague system, it is impossible to be exact on what stereotypes are displayed, and whether they are a simple comment on turbans, or a full-fledged attack on the habits of old people. Very little research has been done into the number of stereotypes portrayed on television, as opposed to countless studies into the harmfulness of these stereotypes on impressionable children and even adults. The research shows that there are a lot of stereotypes on television, at least 5 or 6 per program. This research is part of understanding how television networks design their shows, and how stereotypes are used as they are instrumental to making changes to unfair depiction of minorities in the media. If the stereotypes are deemed inappropriate then it would be unlikely to make things any better when it comes to international relations and even domestic relations. There has been a lot of rage aimed at the Australians who assaulted two Indian students in Sydney. The acts of violence against minorities have escalated recently. Further research may venture into stereotyping of specific minorities, to examine the details of stereotyping.

The Dalit Womens Movement In India

The Dalit Womens Movement In India This paper proposes to look at dalit womens movement (DWM) in India. The dalit womens movement should be analyzed in a relational framework for which we will have to look at the specific history and nature of the Indian nation-state. The other two major movements which have a bearing on DWM are the dalit movement and the womens movement in India. This paper focuses on the DWM particularly the National Federation of dalit women (NFDW). There are a host of regional, state level and national level movements led and participated by dalit women, it is beyond the scope of this paper to discuss all these, so I undertake a study of the NFDW, its politics, strategy, ideology, scope and the theoretical perspectives through which it has been analysed. The NFDW is chronologically a post 1980s phenomena and has been active in a transnational arena with its particular presence in Durban 2001, it has been analysed by social scientists in a transnational framework. I have not overlooked the transnational significance of the movement, but, looked at it in a historical context of Indias history and modernity, the place of dalit women and men within this history and how has the history been challenged by dalit women. The main argument put forward by dalit feminists is that dalit women are a different category in their own right and they should not be subsumed within the category of dalits or women as a whole. Dalit feminists have asked both the dalit movements and womens movements in India for an internal critique because both these movements have neither been able to represent dalit women nor paid attention to their specific structural, social and cultural location within Indian society. Indian society is ridden with multiple and overlapping inequalities which affect women in general and dalit women in particular, in different ways. Dalit feminists have also argued for an analysis of patriarchy within dalit communities because of external and internal factors. Dalit women justify the case for talking differently on the basis of external factors (non-dalit forces homogenizing the issue of dalit women) and internal factors (the patriarchal domination within the dalits). (Guru: 1995:2548) The dalit womens movement has a crucial role to play in the analysis of dalit feminist approach because as Chaudhuri points out it is almost impossible to separate the history of action from the history of ideas. In other words the conceptual debates themselves embodied the history of doing, and vice versa. (Chaudhuri: 2004: xi-xii) therefore what constitutes conceptual history, arises in the context of history of doing (Chaudhuri: 2004: xii) The first part explores the historicity of womans question in India, dalit womens participation in early anti-caste movements is established now but they do not figure in the womens movement led by the AIWC as the womens movement started with a group of bourgeois women who believed in homogeneous womanhood. The second part looks at the question of difference and the articulation of this difference by dalit women through what Rege has called the dalit feminist standpoint (DFS), and the further debate around the DFS. The third part looks at the NFDW in particular. The fourth part tries to locate the DWM in different theoretical frameworks which have been put forward to explain the movement locating it in the present national and international scenario. The questions this paper will explore are: Why is it important to see the dalit womens movement as separate from the Indian womens movement and dalit movement in general? What are the main features of dalit womens movement, particularly the NFDW? How the revolving and overlapping axis of caste, class and gender have affected dalit women in particular? The related concepts are: Patriarchy Patriarchy is defined as Literally, rule of the father the term was originally used to describe social systems based on authority of male heads of household. (A dictionary of sociology 2009/1994:551) The nature of control and subjugation of women varies from one society to the other as it differs due to the differences in class, caste, religion, region, ethnicity and the socio-cultural practices. Thus in the context of India, brahmanical patriarchy, tribal patriarchy and dalit patriarchy are different from each other. Patriarchy within a particular caste or class also differs in terms of their religious and regional variations. (Ray: 2006) Mary E. John argues that there are not separate, multiple patriarchies but multiple patriarchies, the products of social discrimination along class, caste and communal lines, are much more shared and overlapping than diverseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the growing disparitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦would tell a different story, one of unequal patriarchies and disparate genders.(John:2004: 66). Gender According to Ann Oakley sex is a biological term: gender a psychological and cultural one further she says if the proper terms for sex are male and female, the corresponding terms for gender are masculine and feminine; these latter may be quite independent of (biological) sex. (Oakley: 1972:159) Dalit Romila Thapar traces the roots of Dalit in Pali literature in which Dalit means the oppressed. (Quoted in Guru and Geetha: 2000) Dalit is not a caste; it is a constructed identityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Dalit (oppressed or broken) is not a new word. Apparently, it was used in the 1930s as a Hindi and Marathi translation of depressed classes, a term the British used for what are now called the scheduled castesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The word was also used by B R Ambedkar in his Marathi speeches. The Dalit Panthers revived the term in their 1973 manifestoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Bharati: 2002) However there is a huge and raging debate over the word Dalit among intellectuals. The issues of terminology are complex and cannot be handled in this space, the study proposes to use dalits for the communities also at times called ex-untouchables, ati-shudras, untouchables, scheduled castes, low castes, harijans etc. Dalit women It has been pointed by dalit activists and intellectuals that dalit women suffer the triple burden of caste, class, and gender (Rao:2006), (Rege:1998), (Dietrich:2006), (Omvedt: 2004),(Malik:1999) they have been called the dalits of the dalits , the downtrodden amongst the downtrodden and the the slaves of the slaves.( Manorama quoted in Hardtmann: 2009:217) However such a construction has been challenged by Shirman as fetishising of dalit womens suffering which tend to reify the living social relationships that constitute dalit womens lives, and to locate dalit women as objects of pity. (Shirman: 2004) Social movement A social movement can be thought of as an informal set of individuals and/ or groups that are involved in confliction relations with clearly identified opponents; are linked by dense informal networks; [and] share a distinct collective identity (della Porta Diani, 2006, p. 20). (Christiansen:2011:4) Feminism Kumari Jayawardena defines feminism as embracing movements for equality within the current system and significant struggles that have attempted to change the system. She asserts that these movements arose in the context of i) the formulation and consolidation of national identities which modernized anti-imperialist movements during the independence struggle and ii) the remaking of pre-capitalist religion and feudal structures in attempt to modernize third world societies (Jayawardena, 1986: 2) ( Quoted in Chaudhuri, 2004: xvi). Nation-State Nation, it is clear, is not the same as state. The latter refers to an independent and autonomous political structure over a specific territory, with a comprehensive legal system and a sufficient concentration of power to maintain law and order. State, in other words, is primarily a political-legal concept, whereas nation is primarily psycho-cultural. Nation and state may exist independently of one another: a nation may exist without a state; a state may exist without a nation. When the two coincide, when the boundaries of the state are approximately coterminous with those of the nation, the result is a nation-state. A nation-state, in other words, is a nation that possesses political sovereignty. It is socially cohesive as well as politically organized and independent. (Enloe and Rejai: 1969:143) The space of dalit women in the womens movement and the dalit movement in India. Chaudhuri has observed that the early womens movement comprised of the women from upper caste and class strata who distanced themselves from party politics and confrontational mode of assertion. The theme of woman as an individual in her own right did not crop up till very late. The theme that emerges is the naturally non-antagonistic relationship of the sexes in India as compared to the westà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Chaudhuri: 2004:119) Chaudhuri discusses that the All India Womens Congress (AIWC) were in favour of joint electorates and rejected the communal award, women the leading members continued to argue, were all sisters under the sari and the institutions and ideals that governed their lives were similar. (Chaudhuri: 2004:130) Chaudhuri also observes the propensity of gender issues to be dispensable while larger political battles are being fought has been a constant of sorts in the history of modern India. (Chaudhuri: 2011: xv) Throughout the nineteenth century different versions of female emancipation came to be tied to the idea of national liberation and regeneration. The early colonial constellation of the arya woman is a sternly elitist concept in class and caste terms, and finds its nationalist shape in social and political thought, literature and a dominant historiographic model of Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the recovery of tradition throughout the proto-nationalist and nationalist period was the recovery of the traditional womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the vedic woman, both in her own time, and after her appropriation by upper castes and classes in the nineteenth century, is built upon the labour of lower social groups and is also a mark of distinction from them.(Sangari and Vaid: 1989:10) Following these historical developments there has been an ambivalence in india towards feminism, Chaudhuri argues that we cannot exclude women who were pushing feminist agendas without calling them feminists because we cannot impose current notions of feminism on the past thereby assuming an ideal notion of the correct kind of feminism. (Chaudhuri: 2004: xvi-xvii) Another question that Chaudhuri points out is the westernnes of feminism and its subsequent perception by feminists in India. She claims that there is no turning away from the westà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦questions regarding the westerness of feminism has been a constant theme. In a hierarchical society often gender oppression is linked with oppressions based on caste, class, community, tribe and religion, and in such multiple patriarchies men as the principal oppressors is not easily accepted (Chaudhuri, 2004: xxii-xxiii). Manuela Ciotti in a field study done with BSP and Hindu right women activists in UP has drawn attention to the role played by womens husbands or other male family members, who are often not only responsible for womens release into public life, but also act as a source of advice, experience, encouragement and financial support for their political activities. (Ciotti: 2007) The history to which the dalit womens movement traces itself is of Ambedkar and Phule (both men) whose approach however was (unlike that of the early Indian womens movement) confrontationalist as well as pronouncedly antagonist to brahmanic patriarchy. To Phule and Ambedkar, gender issues were not dispensable. This history also brings to light the fact that dalit women were not historically absent from movements but their history has been neglected until recently. They worked side by side dalit men but they have started to organize separately from dalit men with different movements only post the 1970s. Ambedkar not only spoke for and agitated for the rights of Dalits but also Dalit women. He argued that practices of sati, enforced widowhood and child marriage come to be prescribed by Brahmanism in order to regulate and control any transgression of boundaries, i.e., to say he underlines the fact that the caste system can be maintained only through the controls on womens sexuality and in this sense women are the gateways to the caste system [Ambedkar 1992:90] (Rege: 1998) Meenakshi Moon and Urmila Pawar have recorded the participation of dalit women in the early 20th century movements against caste exclusion and oppression, in the following decades womens activities developed from mere participation as beneficiaries or as an audience, to the shouldering of significant responsibility in various fields of activity in the Ambedkar movement. (Moon and Pawar: 2003:49) Moon and Pawars research has thrown light on the unknown facts of the dalit womens participation in the early anti-caste movements, Dr. Ambedkar saw to it that womens conferences were held simultaneously with those of men. By 1930 women had become so conscious that they started conducting their own meetings and conferences independently. (Moon and Pawar: 2003:50) In the Mahad satyagraha of 1927 women not only participated in the procession with Dr. Ambedkar but also participated in the deliberations of the subject committee meetings in passing resolutions about the claim for equal human rights. (Moon and Pawar: 2003:50) Their research also reveals the experiences they (dalit women) had in the field as well as in the family as mother, wife, daughter; what was the effect on their life of Ambedkars movement and speechesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Moon and Pawar: 2003:53) Even the women who were illiterate subscribed to Ambedkars journals to keep the publications alive. They paid four annas to eight annas when their daily wages were hardly a rupee daily. Some women courted arrest with the men in the satayagrahas. Some had to face beatings from their husbands for participating in the movement. At such times they took their infant babies to jail, some carried all their belongings, even chickens. Taking in consideration the extremely backward social atmosphere the achievements of these women were most commendable. (Moon and Pawar: 2003:54-55) The analyses of dalit womens presence in anti caste struggle has brought out the sharp contrast between their participation in movements and their visibility as leaders and decision makers in political parties or dalit movement itself. Dalit women do not play any important role in the political leadership of maharastra (Zelliot:2006:209) Vimal Thorat laments that Dalit identity politics articulates caste identity sharply but resists, deliberately, understanding and articulating the gender dimensions of caste itself (that sees all women not just Dalit women) in a certain lightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The Dalit movement has thrown up so many women but articulate women are not invited by Dalit forums, especially the political parties. (Thorat: 2001) The question she asks is Forty years after the Dalit movement, where is the womens share? (Hamari bhagyadari kahan hai?) (Thorat: 2001) Ruth Manorama is of the view that dalit women have to challenge dalit men to reah the leading posts within their own movement. She explains that dalit men have been discriminated throughout their lives by high caste men as well as high caste women. The dalit men now are scared of dalit women and think that they are the same as the high caste women. Now when they have finally grasped the leadership positions they will not part from them. You have to understand them. (Hardtmann: 2009:219) Dietrich argues that while womens movements downplay the caste factor and emphasize unity among women as victims of violence, dalit movements see such violence only from a caste angle and subsume the dalit women within dalits in general.( Dietrich:2006:57) Many Dalit intellectuals deny the persistence of brahmanic patriarchy among the dalits, Kancha Ilaiah admits that patriarchy exists among the dalits, but he compares it to Brahmin patriarchy and contends that it is less oppressive the man woman relations among the dalitBahujan are far more democratic. (Ilaiah: 2006:88) Dalit womens assertion of difference Gopal Guru in dalit women talk differently has posed faith in the new politics of difference that the dalit women have expressed through the formation of the National Federation of Dalit Women (NFDW). Guru brings out the facts that such difference is necessary if dalit women want to fight patriarchy which is external and internal. Other factors that he points out are caste factor does not get adequate recognition in the analysis done by non-dalit, middle-class, urbanised women activists. (Guru: 1995:2548) And the claim for womens solidarity at both national and global levels subsumes contradictions that exist between high caste and dalit women. (Guru: 1995:2548) Rege also points to the trend of the left party-based womens organizations collapsing caste into class, and the autonomous womens groups collapsing caste into sisterhood, both leaving Brahmanism unchallenged. (Rege: 1998) The social and material conditions of dalit women are different and they cannot uncritically ally themselves with larger feminist politics because of the same, so feminists like Rege have called it the dalit feminist standpoint (DFS). (Rege: 1998) The DFS according to Rege analyses what divides women, what unites them but does not unite them easily. As a standpoint located in the material practices of dalit womens lives it rejects a dichotomisation of the material and cultural which equates the material to environmental degradation and brahmanism to the cultural. Brahmanical patriarchies and caste-specific patriarchies are material in their determination of the access to resources, the division of labour the sexual division of labour and division of sexual labour. (Rege: 2000) Criticizing Rege, Chaya Datar argues that Rege has ignored ecofeminism which actually talks about the position of dalit women in society and the exploitation of women as well as the environment and natural degradation. In Datars view the dalit womens movement may not be part of narrow identity politics, insofar as it does not talk of the materiality of the majority of dalit, marginalised women who lose their livelihoods because of environmental degradation but focuses its struggle mainly against brahminical symbols, it cannot aspire to revisioning of society. It cannot become more emancipatory than the present womens movement. (Datar: 1999) According to Anupama Rao dalitbahujan feminists have gone further than merely arguing that Indian feminism is incomplete and exclusive. Rather, they are suggesting that we rethink the genealogy of Indian feminism in order to engage meaningfully with dalit womens difference from the ideal subjects of feminist politics. (Rao: 2006:2-3) Bela Malik argues that a purely dalit or a purely feminist movement cannot adequately help dalit women. (Malik: 1999) she further states that those who have been actively involved with organizing women encounter difficulties that are nowhere addressed in a theoretical literature whose foundational principles are derived from a smattering of normative theories of rights, liberal political theory, an ill-formulated left politics and more recently, occasionally, even a well-intentioned doctrine of entitlements. Kannabiran and Kannabiran(1991) have pointed to how the deadlock between kshatriya and dalit men caused by dalit agricultural labourer women dressing well could be solved only by a decision taken by men of both the communities. It was decided that women of either community would not be allowed to step into each others locations. The sexual assault on dalit women has been used as a common practice for under-mining the manhood of the caste. Some dalit male activists did argue that in passing derogatory remarks about upper caste girls (in incidents such as Chanduru) dalit men were only getting their own back. The emancipatory agenda of the dalit and womens movements will have to be sensitive to these issues and underline the complex interphase between caste and gender as structuring hierarchies in society. (Rege: 1998) The notion of the dalit women as more free and mobile has been taken up by feminists, the arguments have been that although dalit women are vocal and fight their husbands back, they are not under the ideology of husband worship but they face collective threat of physical harm from upper caste forces all the time. (Dietrich: 2006:58), also (Rege: 1998). Kumkum Sangari opines that patriarchies function and persist not only because they are embedded in the social stratification, division of labour, political structure, cultural practices but also because of consent by women. (Sangari: 1996:17) T.P-Vetschera in his study of Dalit women in Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra points out to the element of consent by quoting the Dalit women themselves our men dont treat us as badly as animals, this means that they are good'. Women feel that suffering (is) an essential part of a womans life and nothing could be done about it. (P-Vetschera: 1996:246) T.P-Vetscheras study points out that the Mahars have experienced social mobility and in the region caste repression is not so bad. However the lives of Mahar women are full of daily struggles with burgeoning amount of work within and outside home. Their husbands dont help them and they have to cope with clichà ©s which configure them as lazy and having loose morals. (P-Vetschera: 1996:238) They are frequent victims of violence at the hands of their husbands. Some of them are victims of rape and sexual exploitation by high caste men. (P-Vetschera: 1996:239) Sanskritisation or reference group behavior has reined havoc on the freedom and position earlier enjoyed by dalit women in dalit community. (P-Vetschera: 1996:257). A dangerous mixture of tradition and modernity combines not to stop or minimize the exploitation of dalit women but only gives it a new avatar. The National Federation of dalit women (NFDW) Tracing the issues at stake in the post Mandal-Masjid phase of the womens movement, Rege has argued that the assertion of dalit womens voices in the 1990s brings up significant issues for the revisioning of feminist politics. (Rege: 1998). The revival of the womens movement in india came with the new womens movement in the 1970s.Dalit womens activists however, see this movement as a continuation of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the Hindu caste reform tradition.(Hardtmann: 2009:215) They consider the feminist theory developed by non-dalit women as unauthentic since it does not capture their reality. This comprehension gets clearly reflected in the 12- point agenda adopted by the NFDW and in several papers presented by the dalit women at the Maharashtra Dalit Womens Conference held in Pune in May 1995. Dalit women define the concept of dalit strictly in caste terms, refuting the claim of upper caste women to dalithood. Dalit women activists quote Phule and Ambedkar to invalidate the attempt to a non-dalit woman to don dalit identity. (Guru: 1995:2549) In the second half of the 1980s, dalit women came to express a need for a separate platform within the broader womens movement. In the 1987 the first dalit womens national meeting, dalit womens struggles and aspirations, was held in Bangalore. About 200 women from the south of India, but also from Delhi, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, and west Bengal are said to have attended. This was the beginning of a national network of dalit women which on the 11 august 1995 formed the NFDW. (Guru: 1995:2548-9) (Hardtmann: 2009:215) Three years later some women from NFDW took part in the formation of the national campaign on dalit human rights (NCDHR). (Hardtmann: 2009:216) It is important to note, however, that even if they have organized separately from dalit men, they tried to work in collaboration with them in the NCDHR. NCDHR was officially launched on World Human Rights Day, 10 December 1998; it links dozens of formerly isolated Dalit civil society organizations in fourteen Indian states. (Bob: 2007:179) The NFDW was instrumental in organizing dalit women for the world conference against racism held in Durban in 2001. Dalit activists argued that caste oppression was like race oppression because both were discriminations based on work and descent. This has been a matter of debate in India as well as globally now and the NFDW supported this claim. The World Conference against Racism held at Durban in 2001 and the process that led to the WCAR in India witnessed the freeing of caste from the confines of India into a larger international arena that held out greater possibilities for public debate, alliance building and more powerful resistance. (Kannabiran: 2006) This meant that not only did the dalit movement and questions related to SC become known internationally, but international focus, to a large extent, came to be placed on the situation of SC women. (Hardtmann: 2009:215) The manifesto of NFDW reads: NFDW endeavours to seek and build alliances with all other progressive and democratic movements and forces, in particular the womens movement and the wider Dalit movement at the national level. It thus aspires in a significant way to widen the democratic spaces while at the same time to create and preserve its identity and specificity. This framework will enable the Dalit womens movement to seek the roots of its oppression, the diversities, the nature of changes, if any, in specific regions and historical contexts and in particular, perceive the varied levels of consciousness that exist within it. Source, (Kannabiran: 2006) In the context of the caste and race debate The NFDW focused on the specific interpretation of civil and political rights, the recognition of productive contribution to society in terms of equality, dignity, fair wages and popular perception, the guarantee of security of person and freedom from the threat of sexual and physical assault, right to freedom of religion in a context where conversion for a better life resulted in denial of protections and the right to leadership a claim pitted against non-dalit men, dalit men and non dalit women. (Kannabiran: 2006) Drawing on the definition of racial discrimination in Article 1 of the CERD, the NFDW asserted in the Durban process that discrimination based on caste is indeed a specific form of racism, intertwined with gender since Dalit women face targeted violence from state actors and powerful members of dominant castes and community especially in the case of rape, mutilation and death; they face discrimination in the payment of unequal wages and gender violence at the workplace that includes fields [as agricultural labourers], on the streets [as manual scavengers and garbage pickers], in homes [as domestic workers], and through religious customà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦' (Kannabiran: 2006) The charter of rights of dalit women, formulated in 1999, and christened the Delhi Declaration sets out the guiding principles of dalit womens rights. It declares that dalits are one of the indigenous peoples of India, who as a people are sovereign, with a distinct identity, history, culture and religionSignificantly, dalit women in this charter declared solidarity in the common cause of womens rights in India and the world at large for the establishment of gender partnership in an egalitarian society. (Kannabiran: 2006) Theoretical approaches It is difficult to explain the dalit womens movement with the help of any one of the given theoretical perspectives, because of the particular context in which DWM is located and the specific historical trajectory it has followed; feminist movements in general have been theorized as new social movements (NSM), however the NSM perspective cannot explain DWM until some context based facts are taken in account. The DWM as separate from the dalit movement and the NFDW in particular is chronologically a new phenomena, the movement has been analysed in relation to the current world order. The womens movement, the dalit movement, the dalit womens movement and Feminism in India has to be situated within the particular history of colonialism, nationalism, modernity, nation-state, and presently the global world order with global institutions like the IMF, the World Bank and the United Nations. Feminism in India cannot be isolated from the broader framework of an unequal international world. (Chaudhuri: 2004: xv) Chaudhuri has argued that we should look at the Indian nation-states entry in modernity to understand the womens question in India. Indias entrance to modernity was facilitated by the colonial state and the very construction of modern bourgeois domesticity itself can be discerned in the nineteenth century social reform movement. (Chaudhuri: 2011: x) The social reform movement focused on the high caste-class women as subjects and as well as symbols for Indian tradition has been made clear by Vaid and Sangari (1989). In the context of DWM it becomes crucial to understand gender as a relational term (John 2004) (Hardtmann 2009). Johns question is that how then, should one look at the gendered relations between men and women from the exploited sections of societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Hardtmann: 2009:209) John has commented that the stereotype of associating women with the inside private sphere and men as a general category with the outside world of economic and political powerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦is very misleading (Hardtmann: 2009:209) because such power is in fact in the hands of a very few men, who are upper caste and Hindu, and middle or upper class, and who may constitute no more than 10 percent of the male population. (John 2004b:253) (Hardtmann: 2009:209) Arguing in the vein of John, Hartmann argues that the world bank, the Indian state, and international corporations agree that one solution to the economic problems of SCs in the Indian society is that poor women enter the private spheres as entrepreneurs. Her question is why poor women and poor men. The implicit assumption of these institutions is that dalit men are economically irresponsible in relation to their families. They are deprived of their so called male responsibility, and as a result they are devoid of constructing their masculinity associated with respect. Women are supported to enter the economic sphere, but when they on the other hand reach an economic position, like Mayawati, they are pictured as immoral and deprived of constructing a so-called femininity, valued and respected in Indian society. (Hardtmann: 2009:225) To invoke Johns pithy description, the thrifty and diligent women are pitted solely against their unruly men. (Chaudhuri: 2011: xxxix) Who are seen as bad subjects of modernity. (Chaudhuri: 2011: xxxix) Hartdmann suggests that to dalit men and women, oppression is not a question of ascribed gender identities in a heteronormative society, rather dalit men and women are not ascribed gender identities, but on the opposite prevented from constructing gender identities related to a neoliberal economic order in the Indian society, where traditional gender roles are clearly defined. (Hardtmann: 2009:225) The DWM traces its origins and ideology to Ambedkar. Ambedkars faith lay in the state as a redeemer of the injustices of the Indian societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Rao: 2003:24)