Project management research approaches

Project management query memory accessesContentsAbstract 21.1 Determine and validate take away atomic number 18as for interrogation 31.2 Determine a suitable look for approach.. 3-41.3 Develop suitable research questions/ hypotheses for selected area of research 4-52.1 Develop a detail research proposal for chosen..5-62.2 Apply relevant research methods for area and type of research.. 6-72.3 Analyse ethical issues relating to research.. 8-92.4 Analyse research findings and gene order valid conclusions.. 9-113.1 Evaluate research methods, techniques 11-123.2 pass results and conclusions in a suitable format for audience. 12-13Bibliography.13IntroductionResearch is under taken within most professions. It is a way of thinking, examining critic completelyy the various aspects of the professional work. It is the process of compile analysizing and interpreting selective information to answer questioins.Determine and validate appropriate areas for researchThe first task in a res earch work is to collect info and information nearly the topic. The researcher uses the entropy collected in the survey to find solution , within the boundry of random mistake.Performance management flock be defined as a process of taking systematic action to improve organizational, team and individual performance. Project management is the application of knowledge, skills and techniques to execute projects effectively and efficently. Project management process falls into five groupsInitiatingPlanningExecutingMonitoring and ControllingClosingEvery study has two aspectsStudy worldPeopleSubject AreaProblemsProgramPhenomenonDetermine a suitable research approachGenerally there are two ways of logical thinking used for researchDeductive approachInductive approachDeductive ApproachDeductive approach takes into account, underdeveloped a hypothesis which takes into account an already existing theory and then formulating a research strategy to check the hypothesis. ( Wilson, 2010, p .7)Deductive means debate from the discontinueicular to the general. Deductive approach involves in developing a theory, which is study to accurate test. This approach infers to generalisation. To make a generalisation through deductice approach, it is necessary to select samples of sufficent numerical size. (Collis and Hussey, 2003).Snieder and Larner (2009) informs that in deductive approach reasoning starts with a theory and leads to new hypothesis, that will be confirmed or rejected as a result of researchTheory surmise comment -Confirmation/RejectionInductive ApproachThe research using inductive approach is concerned with humans behaviour and the context in which authoritative events take place. This approach allows one to provide subjective reasoning with the help of various instances. It lays emphasises on meaningful understanding of human attachment to the event. This is related to development of human resources in the organization (Ritchie and Lewis 2003).Four appr oaches areLogical theoretical approachQuantitative approach experimental researchQualitative approach observational research democratic action research.Develop suitable research questions/ hypotheses for selected area of researchResearch questionsGenerally interest in a specfic area starts the research process, only if it is the familarity with the subject that helps to define an appropriate question for study. Knowledge of present trends and technological advances help in formulating research questions. on the whole questions should be developed at the begnining and planning show of study. Any additional question should never compromise on primary questions. The more the number of questions, more will be complexity of study and its analysis.Hulley and colleagues fuck off suggested the use of FINER ( Feasible, Interesting, Novel, Ethical, Relevant) criteria in preparing qustions for research.Research HypothesisThe research question and hypothesis should be developed before st art of study.The formation of hypothesis results a study with focus. It guides as to which info is to be collected and which not. The hypothesis is developed from main research question and thereafter elements of study sampling strategy, intervention comparision and burden variables are summarizedin the form that prepares ground for testing, stastical and finally clinical sagnifi mucklece.The hypothesis should be stated at he begnining so as to guide the objective of study. Hypothesis bring clarity, specificity and focus to a research but are not compulsary for a study. A valid research can be conducted without constructing formal hypothesis.As there are so many ways to ask questions, the questionnaire should be flexible, tested carefully before using on a large scale. Questions should be kept candid and short. Avoid leading questions.Open ended questions allow for a larger variety of responses from participants but are difficult to anlyse statistically because selective inform ation have to be coded or reduced in some manner.Close ended questions are easy to analyse statistically, but they limit the responses that participants can give. gang of both beginning with a number of closed ended questions, it ends with a section of open ended questions for more detailed response.2.1 Develop a detailed research proposal for chosen area of researchResearch ProposalResearch is a systematic investigation to find answers to a problem. Both soft and quantitative methoods be used appropriately in the research.Research proposal reviewer will lookatthree primary criteriaRelevance of the research from both managerial and an academic perspective.Managerial will the research bring added value to improve managerial practices?Academic will your research bring new knowledge to your field? 2 Research feasibilityWithin specifiedperiodData accessibilty base data collection 3 Proposal QualityWriting styleLogical articulation of arguments mental synthesis and organizationSome skil ls that need to be developed in areas of researchDecision makingPrioritizingValuatingTo respond to problems, experiences and opportunities and to learn from themTo generate ideas without limits of policy ir mental synthesis or feasibilityInvolving another(prenominal) massCommunicating.2.2 Apply relevant research methods for area and type of researchThere are two types of dataPrimary Data collected for the first time.Secondary Data which has already been collected and analysed by some one else.Primary data collectionObservation systemIt is collection of primary data by researchers own team under his observation, without asking from respondents. Observatons can give information which pile are not willing or unable to provide.e.g. observing a large number of plates containing uneaten portions of same menu item indicates that food was not satisfactory.But because of certain limitations, research is generally supplemented with survey research. appraise methodThis approach is suite d for collecting descriptive information.Structured Survey- uses formal list of questions for all the participnts of the survey.Unstructured Survey in this process interviewer probes the participants and guide the participants according to their answers.Research can be direct or indirect. In direct approach researcher asks direct questions about behaviour and thoughts, e.g., why dont you eat at this restaurant? But in indirect approach the question asked will be, what kind of people eat at this particular restaurant? Contact MethodsSurvey can be conducted by collecting information through mail, telephone, or postal interview. get off questionnaires is used to collect large amount of information at low cost. As no interviewer is involved to bias the respondents answers. In this case response rate is lw and there is no control over who answers.Telephone interviewing is a quick method, allows greater sample control and response rate is higher than mail. Its cost is higher. Interviewer s manner of talking maay effect answers.Personal interviewing is very flexible and can be used to collect large amounts of information. It may cost more than telephonic survey. It can be biased by the interviewer.Sample designThe conclusions are genarally drawn by taking a group as a sample. A sample is a segment of popukation selected to represent as a whole.Secondary Data CollectionSecondary data is others data, and is shared by other people as a view of their perception. Many researchers requires collection of primary data to support the secondary data. The secondary data is collected from existing sources e.g. official ststistics, annuak appraisals, journals, invoice and articles. founts of ResearchThere are different types of research for different purposesAudience researchMarket researchProduction research2.3 Analyse ethical issues relating to researchThe collection of data through any methos involve some ethical issues relating to both the researcher and the participants.Eth ical issues concerning ParticipantsCollecting Information If one cannot justify relevancy of the research, he is wasting his participants time ,which is wrong.Seeking Consent In every field it is unethical to collect information without knowledge of participant and their expressed willingness and conscious consent. Consent should be voluntary and without any kind of pressure.Providing incentives Giving a present before data collection is unethical.Seeking Sensitive Information certain information is considered sensitive or confidential by some people. For most people questions on income, age, marital status, drug use, etc. are intrusive. It is not unethical to ask such questions, if we tell the participants type of information you are gong to collect clearly, and give him sufficient time to decide if he wants to participate.Possibility of causation harm to participants Collection of data should not harm participants in any way. If the way information sought creates anxiety or har rashment, steps be taken to prevent it.Maintaining Confidentiality Sharing information about a participant with others for purposes other than research is unethical. Information provided by participant be kept anonymous. It is unethical to distinguish an individuals responses.Ethical issues relating to ResearcherAvoid Bias Bias is an attempt to either hide orhighlight something disproportionate to its true position. Bias on the part of researcher is unethical.Provision or deprivation of treatment Both provision and deprivation of a treatment/ intervation may pose ethical dilemma for a researcher. Ensuring informed consent, minimum risk and frank discussions as to the implications of participation in the study will help to resolve ethical ssues.Using appropriate research methodology It is unethical to use a method or procsedure known as inappropriate e.g. selecting a highly biased sample, using an invalid prick or draft copy wrong conclusions.Incorrect reporting To change report f indings in a way to serve your own or someone elses interest is unethical.Inappropriate use of the information The use of information in a way that it dirctly or indiretly affects the participants is unethical.2.4 Analyse research findings and generate valid conclusionsWhen analysing data start from review of research goals, this will help organizing data and focus analysis. For example if one want to improve a programme by identifying its strengths and weaknessess, you can organize data into program strengths, weaknesses and suggestions to improve the program.Processing and analysing data is based on a number of closely related operations performed for summing up the data collected and arranging these in a manner that they answer the research questions.Data Processing operations areEditingClassificationTabulation primary analysis of quantitative informationMake copies of data , and sore your master copy. Use copy for making edits,cuttings and pastings etc.Tabulate the information i .e. add up the number of ratings, rankings, yess, nos for each question.For ratings and rankings consider computing a mean or averageCosider conveying range of answers e.g., 20 people graded 1, 30 ranked 2 etc.Basic analysis of qualitative informationRead through all data.Organize comments into similar catogeries, suggestions,strengths, weaknesses, similar expriences, program inputs, recommendations, outputs, outcome indicators.etc.Label the categories in themes, e.g., concerns or suggestions, etc.Attempt to identify patterns or associations and casual blood in themes.Keep all commentry for a long period after completion in case need arise for future reference.Qualitative research involves collectiuon, analysis and interpretation of data that can not be easily rsduced to numbers., as this data relate to social world and the concepts of the behaviors of people within it. It can be found in all social sciences and all applied fields that derive from them.The initial phase of data a nalysis is to examine the quality of data ( presence or absence seizure of extreme observations), the quality of measurements and if the implementation of study was in line with research design. In main phase of analysis either an exploratory or indirect approach can be adopted.Both approaches have their place in reserch, both have their strengths and weaknesses. In some studies one has to combine both approaches.For example to find types of cuisine/accomodation available in a city and extent of their popularity in the city. Types of cuisine is a qualitative aspect of study and extent of popularity is a quanititative aspect as it is based on finding the number of people who visit restaurant.Quantitative data can be analysed by regression analysis, where relationship between dependent and independent variable is measured. It help one to find out how the value of dependant variable changes when one of the independent variable is varied, and other independent variables are held fixed. Qualitative data can involve coding, key concepts and variables are assigned a shorthand and data gathered is broken downinto those concepts of variables. mark is the process of categorizing the qualitative data so that data becomes quantifiable and thus measureable. How data is coded depends on researchers, the same qualitative data can be coded in so many different ways giving attention to different aspects of the data. One such example is given in the figure below. CodingWithout a valid design, valid scientific conclusions cannot be drawn. Internal validity concerns the degree to which conclusions about the casuality can be drawn. orthogonal validity concerns the extent to which results of the study are generalizeable.3.1 Evaluate research methods, techniques and findings and comment on validity of research.Evaluation of the project is planned for right from the onsetand is going on as the different milestones are tackled. Type of evaluation that goes on during the project is referred as formative evaluation, because the project is being formed. The evalustion conducted at the end commonly referred as summative evaluation, because the project is being summed up. All research, no matter how well they are controlled, carries the potential to be wrong. MostAfter conducting research, analyzing it and evaluating the results is an important work. Statistics are manuplated everyday to change the conclusions drawn.Before accepting the results of a study one must evaluate the research techniques used, the study protocol and other factors to determine if the studys claims are valid.There must be randomization of the sample groups and necessary care and intelligence shown in allocation of controls.Internal validity and trustworthness are at the core of any research design.External validity is the process of examining the results and questioning whether there are any come-at-able casual relationship.Any scientific study only puts forward a possible cause for the st udied effect. There are always chances of another unknown factors contributing to the results and findings.If the study was designed to contain validity and reliability then scientific community is more likely to accept the findings. The high degree of validity and reliability provides not only confidence in data collected but trust in successful application and use of results.The validity of a research settles down to whether the study is giving results what it was claiming to do. For example if someone is buying a research report from an organization claiming to calculate how people prefer marketers production than its competitors products, the marketer should know how the data was secured to help knoiw if the research rattling gives the information the way the research company wants it to do.Since most analysis are based on observational studies rather than on results of a controlled experiment, avoid drawing results concerning casuality. When studying changes over time, short t erm trends should not be focused without checking them in light of medium and long term trends.Where possible avoid compulsive time reference points.3.2 Present results and conclusions in a suitable format for audienceInformation on how the survey was done, as anyone may want to double it. This information is often included in the appenixes to the main report. It includes full questionnaire, detailed sample design, fieldwork procedures, interviewers instructions, data entry instructions and recommendations for futures study- as how to do punter next time.This report should containall the details given below.Focus the article on important variables and topics.Arrange ideas in a logical order.Keep languge as simple as possible.Use graphs in additiuon to text and tables to communicate the message.When tables are used take care that overall format adds to clarity of data and prevents misrepresentation.Explain move practices and procedures.Satisfy confidentiality requirements of the s ource whose data isbeing analysed.Include information about data sources used and shorcomings in the data that may have affected the analysis.Include information about analytical method and tools ysed.Include information regarding quality of results.Ensure that all refercences are accurate.Check for errors in the article. Check accuracy of external data and simple arithmatics.Ensure that intentions stated in the introduction are fulfilled.Get the results reviewed by others for relevance, accuracy and comprehensibility.As a good practice consider presenting the results to peers prior to finalizing the text.Refer to available documents that could provide further guidance for improvement.BibliographyStolley, Karl.Primary Research. Purdue Online Writing Lab. Retrieved 21 May 2013.Snieder, R Larner, K, 2009, The Art of Being a Scientist A Guide for have Students and their Mentors, Cambridge University Press http//www.ihmctan.edu/PDF/notes/Research_Methodology.pdfwww.boundless.com/soci ology/sociological-research/the-research-process/analyzing-data-and-growing-conclusions/www.managementhelp.org/businessresearch/analysis.htm